Startup
Private Markets Intelligence
Guides on ESOP taxation, cap tables, secondary transactions, and India's private market ecosystem.
What is Authorised Capital?
What is Authorised Capital in a private company? Authorised capital (also called authorized share capital or nominal capital) is the maximum amount of share capital that a company is legally
What is Paid-Up Capital?
Paid-up capital is the actual amount of money that shareholders have paid to the company in exchange for shares, representing real cash (or assets) received by the company. For example,
Stamp Duty on Unlisted Share Transfer: State Rates & Payment Guide (2026)
What is the Stamp Duty on Share Transfers in a private company? Stamp duty on unlisted share transfers ranges from 0.10% to 0.50% of transaction value depending on
What is Rule 11UA Valuation for Unlisted Shares under Income Tax Rules, 1962?
What is Rule 11UA of Income Tax Act? Rule 11UA is the income tax regulation that determines Fair Market Value (FMV) for unlisted company shares in India. It mandates that
What is Form No. SH-4 (Share Transfer Form) Under Companies Act 2013
Form SH-4 is the mandatory share transfer instrument prescribed under Section 56 of the Companies Act, 2013 that must be executed whenever unlisted company shares change ownership through sale, gift,
How to Declare Unlisted Shares in ITR: Complete Guide for FY 2026-27
Unlisted share transactions must be reported in ITR-2 (for salaried individuals and investors) or ITR-3 (for business owners) using Schedule CG (Capital Gains). Long-term capital gains from unlisted shares held
Startup Equity Secondaries: How to Actually Sell Your Unlisted Shares in India in 2026
Most people think "liquidity" only happens when a company IPOs. They are wrong. If you are sitting on vested ESOPs or early equity in a private company, you
Step-by-Step: How to Fill Schedule CG for Capital Gains on Unlisted Share Sales
Schedule CG (Capital Gains) in ITR-2 or ITR-3 is where you report all unlisted share sales. Short-term capital gains (holding period ≤24 months) are reported in Section A5 under "
How to sell your unlisted shares or ESOPs through secondaries?
If you're an entrepreneur or an employee holding Employee Stock Options (ESOPs) or shares in a growing company, and you are considering selling them on the secondary market,